Investing for the Long Term amid Stock Market Volatility
In a look at the historical data on stock returns following periods of negative performance, Jared Kizer explores why revisiting the market’s longer-term properties can help put last quarter’s volatility into broader context.
From March 2009 through September 2018 — a period encompassing almost 10 years and the aftermath of the Great Financial Crisis — the world’s stock markets performed exceedingly well. Over this period, the global stock market was up 14.3 percent per year while the S&P 500 was up 17.9 percent per year. This means that $1 invested in global stocks grew to $3.60 while $1 invested in the S&P 500 became worth $4.84. Other than the first few years of this period, stock market volatility was also well below its long-term average. This changed swiftly in 2018’s fourth quarter, with global stocks down 12.7 percent and the S&P 500 down 13.5 percent. These bleak returns came with a corresponding uptick in volatility; the quarter saw numerous days with stocks either rising or falling by 2 percent or more.
With such a dramatic reversal, revisiting the stock market’s longer-term properties can help put its recent movements in broader context, and also reinforce longer-term investment principles that we continue to believe generally represent the best course of action, or more accurately, inaction. The following table catalogues all the times the S&P 500 has had a quarter equal to or worse than the last quarter of 2018, as well as what happened in periods following that quarter.
S&P 500 Results Following Negative Performance
To clarify what the table is showing, the first column lists the last month of the quarter in which the negative return in the second column occurred. For example, in the third quarter of 2011, the S&P 500 declined by 13.9 percent. Columns three through six report the return in various periods following the quarter of negative performance. Continuing our example, in the year following the third quarter of 2011, the S&P 500 was up 30.2 percent. There are a number of key takeaways from the table:
1. Quarters like the fourth quarter of 2018 have happened 21 other times over the history of the U.S. market. So, while relatively rare, they are common enough to be able to draw some conclusions about what tends to happen following such periods.
2. More often than not, stock markets are up over the next quarter, next year, next three years and next five years. This is not a surprise. Markets are generally efficient at pricing risk and consequently tend to reward long-term investors for maintaining discipline after quarters of poor stock performance.
3. While risk is, on average, rewarded, there are no guarantees. We can observe some following periods where returns remained negative, even though on balance this was not the case. However, trying to predict whether or not poor performance will continue, in this particular instance and others, is not a sound long-term investment strategy. Markets are notoriously difficult to predict.
4. Thinking back, there is an extremely wide range of circumstances, some of which you may recall, that likely contributed to the negative returns in each period. Some combination of poor economic results, political instability, war, trade, excessively high inflation, deflation or other factors were influential in many of these quarters. Investors should avoid falling into the trap of believing that markets now have to price risks they have never faced before. Markets have existed for centuries and, more often than not, they are more accurate at pricing risk than the vast majority of institutional and individual investors.
So, what should a long-term investor do? In most cases, inaction is likely the best course of action. While markets may continue to be volatile in the near term, your comprehensive financial plan should be fully cognizant of such an event, incorporating outcomes like 2018’s fourth quarter and an even wider range of possibilities.
When might discussing a change to your portfolio with your advisory team make sense? First, if recent market results have materially reduced the likelihood that your long-term plan will achieve your goals. Second, if the level of market risk has made you uncomfortable. We call this the “sleep-well” test. Certainly, we never want short-term market results to affect your quality of life.
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The opinions expressed by featured authors are their own and may not accurately reflect those of the BAM ALLIANCE®. This article is for general information only and is not intended to serve as specific financial, accounting or tax advice.
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